Securing Private 5G Networks- An Introduction

Learn how to protect private 5G networks with expert insights on penetration testing and industry standards.

The Growing Importance of 5G in Manufacturing

The advent of 5G technology is revolutionizing several sectors (e.g., Energy and industrial control systems, pharmaceuticals, manufacturing and automation)  by offering enhanced system capacity, significant increases in data rates, reduced latency under 10 milliseconds, massive device connectivity, and improved security. These advancements enable manufacturers to implement more efficient automation processes, real-time analytics, and enhanced mobility solutions. 

Private 5G networks allow manufacturers to maintain greater control over their data and operations, ensuring that sensitive information remains within the organization. These networks are tailored to meet the specific needs of industrial environments, from robotics and machine-to-machine (M2M) communication to augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) applications for training and maintenance. However, with great power comes great responsibility, and the complexity of 5G networks introduces new security challenges that must be addressed.

Understanding the Complexities of 5G Networks

Unlike its predecessor, 4G LTE, 5G integrates a plethora of advanced technologies, including cloud computing, software-defined networking (SDN), network function virtualization (NFV), and multi-access edge computing (MEC). The 5G ecosystem leverages various standards and protocols, such as NAS, DIAMETER, SIP, and HTTP/2/TLS, to support a wide range of use cases for both consumer and enterprise applications.

The interaction between these diverse technological elements and the multitude of architectural components—ranging from radio access networks to core network elements—adds layers of complexity. This intricate web of interactions and dependencies creates numerous potential entry points for cyber threats. As a result, securing 5G networks requires a deep understanding of the underlying architecture and the ability to identify and mitigate vulnerabilities across different segments of the network.

Identifying Key Security Threats in 5G

The inherent complexity of 5G networks introduces new attack vectors that need to be rigorously assessed and addressed. Key security threats in 5G networks include:

• Signaling Protocol Vulnerabilities: Protocols like NAS and DIAMETER, which are crucial for network signaling, can be exploited if not properly secured.
• OAM&P Interfaces: Operations, administration, maintenance, and provisioning (OAM&P) interfaces are critical for network management but can be targeted by attackers to gain unauthorized access or disrupt services.
• End Device Security: The multitude of connected devices in a 5G network increases the attack surface, making it essential to secure endpoint devices against potential threats.
• Core Network Elements: The core network is the backbone of 5G services, and compromising (i.e., poor product security) it can lead to significant disruptions and data breaches.

Addressing these threats requires a multi-faceted approach that combines robust security measures, continuous monitoring, and regular assessments to ensure the network remains resilient against evolving cyber threats.

The Role of Penetration Testing in Securing 5G

Penetration testing plays a vital role in identifying and mitigating vulnerabilities within private 5G networks. By simulating real-world attacks by qualified Subject Matter Experts (SME's), network owners can uncover weaknesses in the network's security posture and provide actionable insights to enhance its defenses.

A comprehensive penetration testing exercise for a private 5G standalone (SA) network involves examining various components, including the 5G core, signaling protocols, RAN orchestration and optimization applications (e.g., O-RAN xApps/dApps) OAM&P interfaces, services, external interfaces (i.e., Network Exposure Function, CBRS/Spectrum provider) and device hardware. The goal is to identify potential vulnerabilities in each area and illustrate the associated risks. This proactive approach enables manufacturers to address security gaps before malicious actors can exploit them, thereby safeguarding the network's integrity and reliability.

Leveraging Industry Standards for Enhanced Security

Organizations can significantly enhance the security of their private 5G networks by adhering to established industry standards and guidelines. Notable standards and organizations that provide valuable guidance include:

• 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project): Develops global standards for mobile networks, including 5G.
• GSMA (GSM Association): Represents mobile operators and provides security guidelines for communication networks and Network Elements Security Assurance (see NESAS). 
• ISASecure: Offers certification programs for industrial cybersecurity such as device certification based on ISA 62443 standards.
• IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers): Develops standards for various technologies, including 5G.
• CISA (Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency): Provides resources for securing critical infrastructure.
• ENISA (European Union Agency for Cybersecurity): Offers guidance and best practices for cybersecurity.
• NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology): Provides cybersecurity frameworks and guidelines.

By aligning their security strategies with these standards, manufacturers can implement robust security measures that mitigate risks and enhance the overall security posture of their 5G networks. For example, leveraging ISA 62443 standards can help address vulnerabilities specific to devices (e.g., AGVs, robots) in industrial automation environments.

Best Practices for Maintaining a Secure 5G Network

We provide a list of important areas to consider in your risk management approach for maintaining a secure private 5G network and includes:

• Governance: Ensure organizational policies and procedures (e.g., patch management, incident response, training) reference appropriate industry standards and reference national legislation as applicable.  
• Risk Assessments and Security Audits: Conduct periodic security audits and risk assessments to identify and treat, threats, risks and vulnerabilities.
• Zero-trust architecture: ensure your architecture adopts to zero-trust principles for communication networks and enforces mechanisms such as:
  
  • Micro segmentation
  • Device security (e.g., hardware and firmware security including, tamper -resistant mechanisms, secure boot, network access controls and robustness)
  • Mutual authentication and encryption for SBA APIs 
  • Technical Control Implementation: Implement appropriate security controls to ensue .
    • Network peering
    • Network Exposure Functions
    • Management and orchestration
    • Network Slicing
    • NF signaling
  • Management and Orchestration
• Supply Chain

By following these best practices and staying informed about the latest security trends and threats, manufacturers can protect their private 5G networks and ensure the continued success and resilience of their operations. Securing a private 5G network is an ongoing process that requires vigilance, expertise, and a commitment to maintaining the highest security standards.

Read our case study on Manufacturing private 5G security analysis and learn more about 5G penetration testing capabilities.